Quantization of Image Classification Models

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This tutorial demonstrates how to apply INT8 quantization to Image Classification model using NNCF. It uses the MobileNet V2 model, trained on Cifar10 dataset. The code is designed to be extendable to custom models and datasets. The tutorial uses OpenVINO backend for performing model quantization in NNCF, if you interested how to apply quantization on PyTorch model, please check this tutorial.

This tutorial consists of the following steps:

• Prepare the model for quantization.

• Define a data loading functionality.

• Perform quantization.

• Compare accuracy of the original and quantized models.

• Compare performance of the original and quantized models.

• Compare results on one picture.

Table of contents:

• Prepare the Model

• Prepare Dataset

• Perform Quantization

  • Create Dataset for Validation

• Run nncf.quantize for Getting an Optimized Model

• Serialize an OpenVINO IR model

• Compare Accuracy of the Original and Quantized Models

  • Select inference device

• Compare Performance of the Original and Quantized Models

• Compare results on four pictures

# Install openvino package
%pip install -q "openvino>=2023.1.0" "nncf>=2.6.0"

Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.

from pathlib import Path

# Set the data and model directories
DATA_DIR = Path("data")
MODEL_DIR = Path('model')
model_repo = 'pytorch-cifar-models'

DATA_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
MODEL_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

Prepare the Model

Model preparation stage has the following steps:

• Download a PyTorch model

• Convert model to OpenVINO Intermediate Representation format (IR) using model conversion Python API

• Serialize converted model on disk

import sys

if not Path(model_repo).exists():
    !git clone https://github.com/chenyaofo/pytorch-cifar-models.git

sys.path.append(model_repo)

Cloning into 'pytorch-cifar-models'...

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from pytorch_cifar_models import cifar10_mobilenetv2_x1_0

model = cifar10_mobilenetv2_x1_0(pretrained=True)

OpenVINO supports PyTorch models via conversion to OpenVINO Intermediate Representation format using model conversion Python API. ov.convert_model accept PyTorch model instance and convert it into openvino.runtime.Model representation of model in OpenVINO. Optionally, you may specify example_input which serves as a helper for model tracing and input_shape for converting the model with static shape. The converted model is ready to be loaded on a device for inference and can be saved on a disk for next usage via the save_model function. More details about model conversion Python API can be found on this page.

import openvino as ov

model.eval()

ov_model = ov.convert_model(model, input=[1,3,32,32])

ov.save_model(ov_model, MODEL_DIR / "mobilenet_v2.xml")

Prepare Dataset

We will use CIFAR10 dataset from torchvision. Preprocessing for model obtained from training config

import torch
from torchvision import transforms
from torchvision.datasets import CIFAR10

transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.247, 0.243, 0.261))])
dataset = CIFAR10(root=DATA_DIR, train=False, transform=transform, download=True)
val_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    dataset,
    batch_size=1,
    shuffle=False,
    num_workers=0,
    pin_memory=True,
)

Downloading https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz to data/cifar-10-python.tar.gz

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Extracting data/cifar-10-python.tar.gz to data

Perform Quantization

NNCF provides a suite of advanced algorithms for Neural Networks inference optimization in OpenVINO with minimal accuracy drop. We will use 8-bit quantization in post-training mode (without the fine-tuning pipeline) to optimize MobileNetV2. The optimization process contains the following steps:

1. Create a Dataset for quantization.

2. Run nncf.quantize for getting an optimized model.

3. Serialize an OpenVINO IR model, using the openvino.save_model function.

Create Dataset for Validation

NNCF is compatible with torch.utils.data.DataLoader interface. For performing quantization it should be passed into nncf.Dataset object with transformation function, which prepares input data to fit into model during quantization, in our case, to pick input tensor from pair (input tensor and label) and convert PyTorch tensor to numpy.

import nncf

def transform_fn(data_item):
    image_tensor = data_item[0]
    return image_tensor.numpy()

quantization_dataset = nncf.Dataset(val_loader, transform_fn)

INFO:nncf:NNCF initialized successfully. Supported frameworks detected: torch, tensorflow, onnx, openvino

Run nncf.quantize for Getting an Optimized Model

nncf.quantize function accepts model and prepared quantization dataset for performing basic quantization. Optionally, additional parameters like subset_size, preset, ignored_scope can be provided to improve quantization result if applicable. More details about supported parameters can be found on this page

quant_ov_model = nncf.quantize(ov_model, quantization_dataset)

2024-02-09 22:59:25.557733: I tensorflow/core/util/port.cc:110] oneDNN custom operations are on. You may see slightly different numerical results due to floating-point round-off errors from different computation orders. To turn them off, set the environment variable TF_ENABLE_ONEDNN_OPTS=0.
2024-02-09 22:59:25.614970: I tensorflow/core/platform/cpu_feature_guard.cc:182] This TensorFlow binary is optimized to use available CPU instructions in performance-critical operations.
To enable the following instructions: AVX2 AVX512F AVX512_VNNI FMA, in other operations, rebuild TensorFlow with the appropriate compiler flags.

2024-02-09 22:59:26.140513: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Could not find TensorRT

Output()

Output()

Serialize an OpenVINO IR model

Similar to ov.convert_model, quantized model is ov.Model object which ready to be loaded into device and can be serialized on disk using ov.save_model.

ov.save_model(quant_ov_model, MODEL_DIR / "quantized_mobilenet_v2.xml")

Compare Accuracy of the Original and Quantized Models

from tqdm.notebook import tqdm
import numpy as np

def test_accuracy(ov_model, data_loader):
    correct = 0
    total = 0
    for (batch_imgs, batch_labels) in tqdm(data_loader):
        result = ov_model(batch_imgs)[0]
        top_label = np.argmax(result)
        correct += top_label == batch_labels.numpy()
        total += 1
    return correct / total

Select inference device

select device from dropdown list for running inference using OpenVINO

import ipywidgets as widgets

core = ov.Core()
device = widgets.Dropdown(
    options=core.available_devices + ["AUTO"],
    value='AUTO',
    description='Device:',
    disabled=False,
)

device

Dropdown(description='Device:', index=1, options=('CPU', 'AUTO'), value='AUTO')

core = ov.Core()
compiled_model = core.compile_model(ov_model, device.value)
optimized_compiled_model = core.compile_model(quant_ov_model, device.value)

orig_accuracy = test_accuracy(compiled_model, val_loader)
optimized_accuracy = test_accuracy(optimized_compiled_model, val_loader)

0%|          | 0/10000 [00:00<?, ?it/s]

0%|          | 0/10000 [00:00<?, ?it/s]

print(f"Accuracy of the original model: {orig_accuracy[0] * 100 :.2f}%")
print(f"Accuracy of the optimized model: {optimized_accuracy[0] * 100 :.2f}%")

Accuracy of the original model: 93.61%
Accuracy of the optimized model: 93.54%

Compare Performance of the Original and Quantized Models

Finally, measure the inference performance of the FP32 and INT8 models, using Benchmark Tool - an inference performance measurement tool in OpenVINO.

NOTE: For more accurate performance, it is recommended to run benchmark_app in a terminal/command prompt after closing other applications. Run benchmark_app -m model.xml -d CPU to benchmark async inference on CPU for one minute. Change CPU to GPU to benchmark on GPU. Run benchmark_app --help to see an overview of all command-line options.

# Inference FP16 model (OpenVINO IR)
!benchmark_app -m "model/mobilenet_v2.xml" -d $device.value -api async -t 15

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2023.3.0-13775-ceeafaf64f3-releases/2023/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] AUTO
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2023.3.0-13775-ceeafaf64f3-releases/2023/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[ WARNING ] Performance hint was not explicitly specified in command line. Device(AUTO) performance hint will be set to PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT.
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 9.75 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     x (node: x) : f32 / [...] / [1,3,32,32]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     x.17 (node: aten::linear/Add) : f32 / [...] / [1,10]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     x (node: x) : u8 / [N,C,H,W] / [1,3,32,32]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     x.17 (node: aten::linear/Add) : f32 / [...] / [1,10]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device

[ INFO ] Compile model took 198.44 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: Model2
[ INFO ]   EXECUTION_DEVICES: ['CPU']
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 12
[ INFO ]   MULTI_DEVICE_PRIORITIES: CPU

[ INFO ]   CPU:
[ INFO ]     AFFINITY: Affinity.CORE
[ INFO ]     CPU_DENORMALS_OPTIMIZATION: False
[ INFO ]     CPU_SPARSE_WEIGHTS_DECOMPRESSION_RATE: 1.0
[ INFO ]     ENABLE_CPU_PINNING: True
[ INFO ]     ENABLE_HYPER_THREADING: True
[ INFO ]     EXECUTION_DEVICES: ['CPU']
[ INFO ]     EXECUTION_MODE_HINT: ExecutionMode.PERFORMANCE
[ INFO ]     INFERENCE_NUM_THREADS: 24
[ INFO ]     INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'float32'>
[ INFO ]     NETWORK_NAME: Model2
[ INFO ]     NUM_STREAMS: 12
[ INFO ]     OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 12
[ INFO ]     PERFORMANCE_HINT: THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]     PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[ INFO ]     PERF_COUNT: NO
[ INFO ]     SCHEDULING_CORE_TYPE: SchedulingCoreType.ANY_CORE
[ INFO ]   MODEL_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   LOADED_FROM_CACHE: False
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'x'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'x' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 12 inference requests, limits: 15000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 2.83 ms

[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Execution Devices:['CPU']
[ INFO ] Count:            88488 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         15003.02 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        1.85 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       1.85 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           1.17 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           8.69 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   5898.01 FPS

# Inference INT8 model (OpenVINO IR)
!benchmark_app -m "model/quantized_mobilenet_v2.xml" -d $device.value -api async -t 15

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2023.3.0-13775-ceeafaf64f3-releases/2023/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] AUTO
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2023.3.0-13775-ceeafaf64f3-releases/2023/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[ WARNING ] Performance hint was not explicitly specified in command line. Device(AUTO) performance hint will be set to PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT.
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 18.77 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     x (node: x) : f32 / [...] / [1,3,32,32]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     x.17 (node: aten::linear/Add) : f32 / [...] / [1,10]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     x (node: x) : u8 / [N,C,H,W] / [1,3,32,32]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     x.17 (node: aten::linear/Add) : f32 / [...] / [1,10]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device

[ INFO ] Compile model took 330.74 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: Model2
[ INFO ]   EXECUTION_DEVICES: ['CPU']
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 12
[ INFO ]   MULTI_DEVICE_PRIORITIES: CPU
[ INFO ]   CPU:
[ INFO ]     AFFINITY: Affinity.CORE
[ INFO ]     CPU_DENORMALS_OPTIMIZATION: False
[ INFO ]     CPU_SPARSE_WEIGHTS_DECOMPRESSION_RATE: 1.0
[ INFO ]     ENABLE_CPU_PINNING: True
[ INFO ]     ENABLE_HYPER_THREADING: True
[ INFO ]     EXECUTION_DEVICES: ['CPU']
[ INFO ]     EXECUTION_MODE_HINT: ExecutionMode.PERFORMANCE
[ INFO ]     INFERENCE_NUM_THREADS: 24
[ INFO ]     INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'float32'>
[ INFO ]     NETWORK_NAME: Model2
[ INFO ]     NUM_STREAMS: 12
[ INFO ]     OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 12
[ INFO ]     PERFORMANCE_HINT: THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]     PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[ INFO ]     PERF_COUNT: NO
[ INFO ]     SCHEDULING_CORE_TYPE: SchedulingCoreType.ANY_CORE
[ INFO ]   MODEL_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   LOADED_FROM_CACHE: False
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'x'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'x' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 12 inference requests, limits: 15000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 2.08 ms

[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Execution Devices:['CPU']
[ INFO ] Count:            167472 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         15001.04 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        1.00 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       1.03 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           0.68 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           7.03 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   11164.03 FPS

Compare results on four pictures

# Define all possible labels from the CIFAR10 dataset
labels_names = ["airplane", "automobile", "bird", "cat", "deer", "dog", "frog", "horse", "ship", "truck"]
all_pictures = []
all_labels = []

# Get all pictures and their labels.
for i, batch in enumerate(val_loader):
    all_pictures.append(batch[0].numpy())
    all_labels.append(batch[1].item())

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def plot_pictures(indexes: list, all_pictures=all_pictures, all_labels=all_labels):
    """Plot 4 pictures.
    :param indexes: a list of indexes of pictures to be displayed.
    :param all_batches: batches with pictures.
    """
    images, labels = [], []
    num_pics = len(indexes)
    assert num_pics == 4, f'No enough indexes for pictures to be displayed, got {num_pics}'
    for idx in indexes:
        assert idx < 10000, 'Cannot get such index, there are only 10000'
        pic = np.rollaxis(all_pictures[idx].squeeze(), 0, 3)
        images.append(pic)

        labels.append(labels_names[all_labels[idx]])

    f, axarr = plt.subplots(1, 4)
    axarr[0].imshow(images[0])
    axarr[0].set_title(labels[0])

    axarr[1].imshow(images[1])
    axarr[1].set_title(labels[1])

    axarr[2].imshow(images[2])
    axarr[2].set_title(labels[2])

    axarr[3].imshow(images[3])
    axarr[3].set_title(labels[3])

def infer_on_pictures(model, indexes: list, all_pictures=all_pictures):
    """ Inference model on a few pictures.
    :param net: model on which do inference
    :param indexes: list of indexes
    """
    output_key = model.output(0)
    predicted_labels = []
    for idx in indexes:
        assert idx < 10000, 'Cannot get such index, there are only 10000'
        result = model(all_pictures[idx])[output_key]
        result = labels_names[np.argmax(result[0])]
        predicted_labels.append(result)
    return predicted_labels

indexes_to_infer = [7, 12, 15, 20]  # To plot, specify 4 indexes.

plot_pictures(indexes_to_infer)

results_float = infer_on_pictures(compiled_model, indexes_to_infer)
results_quanized = infer_on_pictures(optimized_compiled_model, indexes_to_infer)

print(f"Labels for picture from float model : {results_float}.")
print(f"Labels for picture from quantized model : {results_quanized}.")

Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).

Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).

Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).

Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).

Labels for picture from float model : ['frog', 'dog', 'ship', 'horse'].
Labels for picture from quantized model : ['frog', 'dog', 'ship', 'horse'].