Working with GPUs in OpenVINO™

This tutorial is also available as a Jupyter notebook that can be cloned directly from GitHub. See the installation guide for instructions to run this tutorial locally on Windows, Linux or macOS.

Table of contents:

• Introduction

  • Install required packages

• Checking GPUs with Query Device

  • List GPUs with core.available_devices

  • Check Properties with core.get_property

  • Brief Descriptions of Key Properties

• Compiling a Model on GPU

  • Download and Convert a Model

    • Download and unpack the Model

    • Convert the Model to OpenVINO IR format

  • Compile with Default Configuration

  • Reduce Compile Time through Model Caching

  • Throughput and Latency Performance Hints

  • Using Multiple GPUs with Multi-Device and Cumulative Throughput

• Performance Comparison with benchmark_app

• CPU vs GPU with Latency Hint

• CPU vs GPU with Throughput Hint

• Single GPU vs Multiple GPUs

• Basic Application Using GPUs

  • Import Necessary Packages

  • Compile the Model

  • Load and Preprocess Video Frames

  • Define Model Output Classes

  • Set up Asynchronous Pipeline

    • Callback Definition

    • Create Async Pipeline

  • Perform Inference

  • Process Results

• Conclusion

This tutorial provides a high-level overview of working with Intel GPUs in OpenVINO. It shows how to use Query Device to list system GPUs and check their properties, and it explains some of the key properties. It shows how to compile a model on GPU with performance hints and how to use multiple GPUs using MULTI or CUMULATIVE_THROUGHPUT.

The tutorial also shows example commands for benchmark_app that can be run to compare GPU performance in different configurations. It also provides the code for a basic end-to-end application that compiles a model on GPU and uses it to run inference.

Introduction ⇑

Originally, graphic processing units (GPUs) began as specialized chips, developed to accelerate the rendering of computer graphics. In contrast to CPUs, which have few but powerful cores, GPUs have many more specialized cores, making them ideal for workloads that can be parallelized into simpler tasks. Nowadays, one such workload is deep learning, where GPUs can easily accelerate inference of neural networks by splitting operations across multiple cores.

OpenVINO supports inference on Intel integrated GPUs (which are included with most Intel® Core™ desktop and mobile processors) or on Intel discrete GPU products like the Intel® Arc™ A-Series Graphics cards and Intel® Data Center GPU Flex Series. To get started, first install OpenVINO on a system equipped with one or more Intel GPUs. Follow the GPU configuration instructions to configure OpenVINO to work with your GPU. Then, read on to learn how to accelerate inference with GPUs in OpenVINO!

Install required packages ⇑

!pip install -q "openvino-dev>=2023.0.0"
!pip install -q tensorflow

# Fetch `notebook_utils` module
import urllib.request
urllib.request.urlretrieve(
    url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openvinotoolkit/openvino_notebooks/main/notebooks/utils/notebook_utils.py',
    filename='notebook_utils.py'
)

('notebook_utils.py', <http.client.HTTPMessage at 0x7f2d0c5baa40>)

Checking GPUs with Query Device ⇑

In this section, we will see how to list the available GPUs and check their properties. Some of the key properties will also be defined.

List GPUs with core.available_devices ⇑

OpenVINO Runtime provides the available_devices method for checking which devices are available for inference. The following code will output a list of compatible OpenVINO devices, in which Intel GPUs should appear.

from openvino.runtime import Core

core = Core()
core.available_devices

['CPU', 'GPU']

Note that GPU devices are numbered starting at 0, where the integrated GPU always takes the id 0 if the system has one. For instance, if the system has a CPU, an integrated and discrete GPU, we should expect to see a list like this: ['CPU', 'GPU.0', 'GPU.1']. To simplify its use, the “GPU.0” can also be addressed with just “GPU”. For more details, see the Device Naming Convention section.

If the GPUs are installed correctly on the system and still do not appear in the list, follow the steps described here to configure your GPU drivers to work with OpenVINO. Once we have the GPUs working with OpenVINO, we can proceed with the next sections.

Check Properties with core.get_property ⇑

To get information about the GPUs, we can use device properties. In OpenVINO, devices have properties that describe their characteristics and configuration. Each property has a name and associated value that can be queried with the get_property method.

To get the value of a property, such as the device name, we can use the get_property method as follows:

device = "GPU"

core.get_property(device, "FULL_DEVICE_NAME")

'Intel(R) Graphics [0x46a6] (iGPU)'

Each device also has a specific property called SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES, that enables viewing all the available properties in the device. We can check the value for each property by simply looping through the dictionary returned by core.get_property("GPU", "SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES") and then querying for that property.

print(f"{device} SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES:\n")
supported_properties = core.get_property(device, "SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES")
indent = len(max(supported_properties, key=len))

for property_key in supported_properties:
    if property_key not in ('SUPPORTED_METRICS', 'SUPPORTED_CONFIG_KEYS', 'SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES'):
        try:
            property_val = core.get_property(device, property_key)
        except TypeError:
            property_val = 'UNSUPPORTED TYPE'
        print(f"{property_key:<{indent}}: {property_val}")

GPU SUPPORTED_PROPERTIES:

AVAILABLE_DEVICES             : ['0']
RANGE_FOR_ASYNC_INFER_REQUESTS: (1, 2, 1)
RANGE_FOR_STREAMS             : (1, 2)
OPTIMAL_BATCH_SIZE            : 1
MAX_BATCH_SIZE                : 1
CACHING_PROPERTIES            : {'GPU_UARCH_VERSION': 'RO', 'GPU_EXECUTION_UNITS_COUNT': 'RO', 'GPU_DRIVER_VERSION': 'RO', 'GPU_DEVICE_ID': 'RO'}
DEVICE_ARCHITECTURE           : GPU: v12.0.0
FULL_DEVICE_NAME              : Intel(R) Graphics [0x46a6] (iGPU)
DEVICE_UUID                   : UNSUPPORTED TYPE
DEVICE_TYPE                   : Type.INTEGRATED
DEVICE_GOPS                   : UNSUPPORTED TYPE
OPTIMIZATION_CAPABILITIES     : ['FP32', 'BIN', 'FP16', 'INT8']
GPU_DEVICE_TOTAL_MEM_SIZE     : UNSUPPORTED TYPE
GPU_UARCH_VERSION             : 12.0.0
GPU_EXECUTION_UNITS_COUNT     : 96
GPU_MEMORY_STATISTICS         : UNSUPPORTED TYPE
PERF_COUNT                    : False
MODEL_PRIORITY                : Priority.MEDIUM
GPU_HOST_TASK_PRIORITY        : Priority.MEDIUM
GPU_QUEUE_PRIORITY            : Priority.MEDIUM
GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE            : Priority.MEDIUM
GPU_ENABLE_LOOP_UNROLLING     : True
CACHE_DIR                     :
PERFORMANCE_HINT              : PerformanceMode.UNDEFINED
COMPILATION_NUM_THREADS       : 20
NUM_STREAMS                   : 1
PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS : 0
INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT      : <Type: 'undefined'>
DEVICE_ID                     : 0

Brief Descriptions of Key Properties ⇑

Each device has several properties as seen in the last command. Some of the key properties are:

• FULL_DEVICE_NAME - The product name of the GPU and whether it is an integrated or discrete GPU (iGPU or dGPU).

• OPTIMIZATION_CAPABILITIES - The model data types (INT8, FP16, FP32, etc) that are supported by this GPU.

• GPU_EXECUTION_UNITS_COUNT - The execution cores available in the GPU’s architecture, which is a relative measure of the GPU’s processing power.

• RANGE_FOR_STREAMS - The number of processing streams available on the GPU that can be used to execute parallel inference requests. When compiling a model in LATENCY or THROUGHPUT mode, OpenVINO will automatically select the best number of streams for low latency or high throughput.

• PERFORMANCE_HINT - A high-level way to tune the device for a specific performance metric, such as latency or throughput, without worrying about device-specific settings.

• CACHE_DIR - The directory where the model cache data is stored to speed up compilation time.

To learn more about devices and properties, see the Query Device Properties page.

Compiling a Model on GPU ⇑

Now, we know how to list the GPUs in the system and check their properties. We can easily use one for compiling and running models with OpenVINO GPU plugin.

Download and Convert a Model ⇑

This tutorial uses the ssdlite_mobilenet_v2 model. The ssdlite_mobilenet_v2 model is used for object detection. The model was trained on Common Objects in Context (COCO) dataset version with 91 categories of object. For details, see the paper.

Download and unpack the Model ⇑

Use the download_file function from the notebook_utils to download an archive with the model. It automatically creates a directory structure and downloads the selected model. This step is skipped if the package is already downloaded.

import sys
import tarfile
from pathlib import Path

sys.path.append("../utils")

import notebook_utils as utils

# A directory where the model will be downloaded.
base_model_dir = Path("./model").expanduser()

model_name = "ssdlite_mobilenet_v2"
archive_name = Path(f"{model_name}_coco_2018_05_09.tar.gz")

# Download the archive
downloaded_model_path = base_model_dir / archive_name
if not downloaded_model_path.exists():
    model_url = f"http://download.tensorflow.org/models/object_detection/{archive_name}"
    utils.download_file(model_url, downloaded_model_path.name, downloaded_model_path.parent)

# Unpack the model
tf_model_path = base_model_dir / archive_name.with_suffix("").stem / "frozen_inference_graph.pb"
if not tf_model_path.exists():
    with tarfile.open(downloaded_model_path) as file:
        file.extractall(base_model_dir)

model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2_coco_2018_05_09.tar.gz:   0%|          | 0.00/48.7M [00:00<?, ?B/s]

IOPub message rate exceeded.
The notebook server will temporarily stop sending output
to the client in order to avoid crashing it.
To change this limit, set the config variable
--NotebookApp.iopub_msg_rate_limit.

Current values:
NotebookApp.iopub_msg_rate_limit=1000.0 (msgs/sec)
NotebookApp.rate_limit_window=3.0 (secs)

Convert the Model to OpenVINO IR format ⇑

To convert the model to OpenVINO IR with FP16 precision, use model conversion API. The models are saved to the model/ir_model/ directory. For more details about model conversion, see this page.

from openvino.tools import mo
from openvino.runtime import serialize
from openvino.tools.mo.front import tf as ov_tf_front

precision = 'FP16'

# The output path for the conversion.
model_path = base_model_dir / 'ir_model' / f'{model_name}_{precision.lower()}.xml'

trans_config_path = Path(ov_tf_front.__file__).parent / "ssd_v2_support.json"
pipeline_config = base_model_dir / archive_name.with_suffix("").stem / "pipeline.config"

model = None
if not model_path.exists():
    model = mo.convert_model(input_model=tf_model_path,
                             input_shape=[1, 300, 300, 3],
                             layout='NHWC',
                             compress_to_fp16=True if precision == 'FP16' else False,
                             transformations_config=trans_config_path,
                             tensorflow_object_detection_api_pipeline_config=pipeline_config,
                             reverse_input_channels=True)
    serialize(model, str(model_path))
    print("IR model saved to {}".format(model_path))
else:
    print("Read IR model from {}".format(model_path))
    model = core.read_model(model_path)

[ WARNING ]  The Preprocessor block has been removed. Only nodes performing mean value subtraction and scaling (if applicable) are kept.

IR model saved to model/ir_model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2_fp16.xml

Compile with Default Configuration ⇑

When the model is ready, first we need to read it, using the read_model method. Then, we can use the compile_model method and specify the name of the device we want to compile the model on, in this case, “GPU”.

compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device)

If you have multiple GPUs in the system, you can specify which one to use by using “GPU.0”, “GPU.1”, etc. Any of the device names returned by the available_devices method are valid device specifiers. You may also use “AUTO”, which will automatically select the best device for inference (which is often the GPU). To learn more about AUTO plugin, visit the Automatic Device Selection page as well as the AUTO device tutorial.

Reduce Compile Time through Model Caching ⇑

Depending on the model used, device-specific optimizations and network compilations can cause the compile step to be time-consuming, especially with larger models, which may lead to bad user experience in the application, in which they are used. To solve this, OpenVINO can cache the model once it is compiled on supported devices and reuse it in later compile_model calls by simply setting a cache folder beforehand. For instance, to cache the same model we compiled above, we can do the following:

import time
from pathlib import Path

# Create cache folder
cache_folder = Path("cache")
cache_folder.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

start = time.time()
core = Core()

# Set cache folder
core.set_property({'CACHE_DIR': cache_folder})

# Compile the model as before
model = core.read_model(model=model_path)
compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device)
print(f"Cache enabled (first time) - compile time: {time.time() - start}s")

Cache enabled (first time) - compile time: 1.692436695098877s

To get an idea of the effect that caching can have, we can measure the compile times with caching enabled and disabled as follows:

start = time.time()
core = Core()
core.set_property({'CACHE_DIR': 'cache'})
model = core.read_model(model=model_path)
compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device)
print(f"Cache enabled  - compile time: {time.time() - start}s")

start = time.time()
core = Core()
model = core.read_model(model=model_path)
compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device)
print(f"Cache disabled - compile time: {time.time() - start}s")

Cache enabled  - compile time: 0.26888394355773926s
Cache disabled - compile time: 1.982884168624878s

The actual time improvements will depend on the environment as well as the model being used but it is definitely something to consider when optimizing an application. To read more about this, see the Model Caching docs.

Throughput and Latency Performance Hints ⇑

To simplify device and pipeline configuration, OpenVINO provides high-level performance hints that automatically set the batch size and number of parallel threads to use for inference. The “LATENCY” performance hint optimizes for fast inference times while the “THROUGHPUT” performance hint optimizes for high overall bandwidth or FPS.

To use the “LATENCY” performance hint, add {"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "LATENCY"} when compiling the model as shown below. For GPUs, this automatically minimizes the batch size and number of parallel streams such that all of the compute resources can focus on completing a single inference as fast as possible.

compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device, {"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "LATENCY"})

To use the “THROUGHPUT” performance hint, add {"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "THROUGHPUT"} when compiling the model. For GPUs, this creates multiple processing streams to efficiently utilize all the execution cores and optimizes the batch size to fill the available memory.

compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, device, {"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "THROUGHPUT"})

Using Multiple GPUs with Multi-Device and Cumulative Throughput ⇑

The latency and throughput hints mentioned above are great and can make a difference when used adequately but they usually use just one device, either due to the AUTO plugin or by manual specification of the device name as above. When we have multiple devices, such as an integrated and discrete GPU, we may use both at the same time to improve the utilization of the resources. In order to do this, OpenVINO provides a virtual device called MULTI, which is just a combination of the existent devices that knows how to split inference work between them, leveraging the capabilities of each device.

As an example, if we want to use both integrated and discrete GPUs and the CPU at the same time, we can compile the model as follows:

compiled_model = core.compile_model(model=model, device_name="MULTI:GPU.1,GPU.0,CPU")

Note that we always need to explicitly specify the device list for MULTI to work, otherwise MULTI does not know which devices are available for inference. However, this is not the only way to use multiple devices in OpenVINO. There is another performance hint called “CUMULATIVE_THROUGHPUT” that works similar to MULTI, except it uses the devices automatically selected by AUTO. This way, we do not need to manually specify devices to use. Below is an example showing how to use “CUMULATIVE_THROUGHPUT”, equivalent to the MULTI one:

compiled_model = core.compile_model(model=model, device_name="AUTO", config={"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "CUMULATIVE_THROUGHPUT"})

Important

The “THROUGHPUT”, “MULTI”, and “CUMULATIVE_THROUGHPUT” modes are only applicable to asynchronous inferencing pipelines. The example at the end of this article shows how to set up an asynchronous pipeline that takes advantage of parallelism to increase throughput. To learn more, see Asynchronous Inferencing in OpenVINO as well as the Asynchronous Inference notebook.

Performance Comparison with benchmark_app ⇑

Given all the different options available when compiling a model, it may be difficult to know which settings work best for a certain application. Thankfully, OpenVINO provides benchmark_app - a performance benchmarking tool.

The basic syntax of benchmark_app is as follows:

benchmark_app -m PATH_TO_MODEL -d TARGET_DEVICE -hint {throughput,cumulative_throughput,latency,none}

where TARGET_DEVICE is any device shown by the available_devices method as well as the MULTI and AUTO devices we saw previously, and the value of hint should be one of the values between brackets.

Note that benchmark_app only requires the model path to run but both the device and hint arguments will be useful to us. For more advanced usages, the tool itself has other options that can be checked by running benchmark_app -h or reading the docs. The following example shows how to benchmark a simple model, using a GPU with a latency focus:

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d GPU -hint latency

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 14.02 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ INFO ] Compile model took 1932.50 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: frozen_inference_graph
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 1
[ INFO ]   PERF_COUNT: False
[ INFO ]   MODEL_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_HOST_TASK_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_ENABLE_LOOP_UNROLLING: True
[ INFO ]   CACHE_DIR:
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.LATENCY
[ INFO ]   COMPILATION_NUM_THREADS: 20
[ INFO ]   NUM_STREAMS: 1
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'undefined'>
[ INFO ]   DEVICE_ID: 0
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'image_tensor'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'image_tensor' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 1 inference requests, limits: 60000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 6.17 ms
[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Count:            12710 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         60006.58 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        4.52 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       4.57 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           3.13 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           17.62 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   211.81 FPS

For completeness, let us list here some of the comparisons we may want to do by varying the device and hint used. Note that the actual performance may depend on the hardware used. Generally, we should expect GPU to be better than CPU, whereas multiple GPUs should be better than a single GPU as long as there is enough work for each of them.

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d CPU -hint latency

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] CPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 30.38 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ INFO ] Compile model took 127.72 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: frozen_inference_graph
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 1
[ INFO ]   NUM_STREAMS: 1
[ INFO ]   AFFINITY: Affinity.CORE
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_NUM_THREADS: 14
[ INFO ]   PERF_COUNT: False
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'float32'>
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.LATENCY
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'image_tensor'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'image_tensor' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 1 inference requests, limits: 60000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 4.42 ms
[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Count:            15304 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         60005.72 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        3.87 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       3.88 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           3.49 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           5.95 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   255.04 FPS

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d GPU -hint latency

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 14.65 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ INFO ] Compile model took 2254.81 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: frozen_inference_graph
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 1
[ INFO ]   PERF_COUNT: False
[ INFO ]   MODEL_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_HOST_TASK_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_ENABLE_LOOP_UNROLLING: True
[ INFO ]   CACHE_DIR:
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.LATENCY
[ INFO ]   COMPILATION_NUM_THREADS: 20
[ INFO ]   NUM_STREAMS: 1
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'undefined'>
[ INFO ]   DEVICE_ID: 0
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'image_tensor'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'image_tensor' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 1 inference requests, limits: 60000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 8.79 ms
[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Count:            11354 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         60007.21 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        4.57 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       5.16 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           3.18 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           34.87 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   189.21 FPS

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d CPU -hint throughput

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] CPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 29.56 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor:0 , image_tensor (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor:0 , image_tensor (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ INFO ] Compile model took 158.91 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: frozen_inference_graph
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 5
[ INFO ]   NUM_STREAMS: 5
[ INFO ]   AFFINITY: Affinity.CORE
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_NUM_THREADS: 20
[ INFO ]   PERF_COUNT: False
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'float32'>
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'image_tensor'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'image_tensor' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 5 inference requests, limits: 60000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 8.15 ms
[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Count:            25240 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         60010.99 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        10.16 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       11.84 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           7.96 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           37.53 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   420.59 FPS

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d GPU -hint throughput

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 15.45 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ INFO ] Compile model took 2249.04 ms
[Step 8/11] Querying optimal runtime parameters
[ INFO ] Model:
[ INFO ]   NETWORK_NAME: frozen_inference_graph
[ INFO ]   OPTIMAL_NUMBER_OF_INFER_REQUESTS: 4
[ INFO ]   PERF_COUNT: False
[ INFO ]   MODEL_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_HOST_TASK_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_PRIORITY: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE: Priority.MEDIUM
[ INFO ]   GPU_ENABLE_LOOP_UNROLLING: True
[ INFO ]   CACHE_DIR:
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT: PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT
[ INFO ]   COMPILATION_NUM_THREADS: 20
[ INFO ]   NUM_STREAMS: 2
[ INFO ]   PERFORMANCE_HINT_NUM_REQUESTS: 0
[ INFO ]   INFERENCE_PRECISION_HINT: <Type: 'undefined'>
[ INFO ]   DEVICE_ID: 0
[Step 9/11] Creating infer requests and preparing input tensors
[ WARNING ] No input files were given for input 'image_tensor'!. This input will be filled with random values!
[ INFO ] Fill input 'image_tensor' with random values
[Step 10/11] Measuring performance (Start inference asynchronously, 4 inference requests, limits: 60000 ms duration)
[ INFO ] Benchmarking in inference only mode (inputs filling are not included in measurement loop).
[ INFO ] First inference took 9.17 ms
[Step 11/11] Dumping statistics report
[ INFO ] Count:            19588 iterations
[ INFO ] Duration:         60023.47 ms
[ INFO ] Latency:
[ INFO ]    Median:        11.31 ms
[ INFO ]    Average:       12.15 ms
[ INFO ]    Min:           9.26 ms
[ INFO ]    Max:           36.04 ms
[ INFO ] Throughput:   326.34 FPS

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d GPU.1 -hint throughput

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[ WARNING ] Device GPU.1 does not support performance hint property(-hint).
[ ERROR ] Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/tools/benchmark/main.py", line 329, in main
    benchmark.set_config(config)
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/tools/benchmark/benchmark.py", line 57, in set_config
    self.core.set_property(device, config[device])
RuntimeError: Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d AUTO:GPU.1,GPU.0 -hint cumulative_throughput

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] AUTO
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[ WARNING ] Device GPU.1 does not support performance hint property(-hint).
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 26.66 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor , image_tensor:0 (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ ERROR ] Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/tools/benchmark/main.py", line 414, in main
    compiled_model = benchmark.core.compile_model(model, benchmark.device)
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/runtime/ie_api.py", line 399, in compile_model
    super().compile_model(model, device_name, {} if config is None else config),
RuntimeError: Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin

!benchmark_app -m {model_path} -d MULTI:GPU.1,GPU.0 -hint throughput

[Step 1/11] Parsing and validating input arguments
[ INFO ] Parsing input parameters
[Step 2/11] Loading OpenVINO Runtime
[ INFO ] OpenVINO:
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ] Device info:
[ INFO ] GPU
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ] MULTI
[ INFO ] Build ................................. 2022.3.0-9052-9752fafe8eb-releases/2022/3
[ INFO ]
[ INFO ]
[Step 3/11] Setting device configuration
[ WARNING ] Device GPU.1 does not support performance hint property(-hint).
[Step 4/11] Reading model files
[ INFO ] Loading model files
[ INFO ] Read model took 14.84 ms
[ INFO ] Original model I/O parameters:
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor:0 , image_tensor (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 5/11] Resizing model to match image sizes and given batch
[ INFO ] Model batch size: 1
[Step 6/11] Configuring input of the model
[ INFO ] Model inputs:
[ INFO ]     image_tensor:0 , image_tensor (node: image_tensor) : u8 / [N,H,W,C] / [1,300,300,3]
[ INFO ] Model outputs:
[ INFO ]     detection_boxes:0 (node: DetectionOutput) : f32 / [...] / [1,1,100,7]
[Step 7/11] Loading the model to the device
[ ERROR ] Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/tools/benchmark/main.py", line 414, in main
    compiled_model = benchmark.core.compile_model(model, benchmark.device)
  File "/home/adrian/repos/openvino_notebooks/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/openvino/runtime/ie_api.py", line 399, in compile_model
    super().compile_model(model, device_name, {} if config is None else config),
RuntimeError: Config for device with 1 ID is not registered in GPU plugin

Basic Application Using GPUs ⇑

We will now show an end-to-end object detection example using GPUs in OpenVINO. The application compiles a model on GPU with the “THROUGHPUT” hint, then loads a video and preprocesses every frame to convert them to the shape expected by the model. Once the frames are loaded, it sets up an asynchronous pipeline, performs inference and saves the detections found in each frame. The detections are then drawn on their corresponding frame and saved as a video, which is displayed at the end of the application.

Import Necessary Packages ⇑

import time
from pathlib import Path

import cv2
import numpy as np
from IPython.display import Video
from openvino.runtime import AsyncInferQueue, Core, InferRequest

# Instantiate OpenVINO Runtime
core = Core()
core.available_devices

['CPU', 'GPU']

Compile the Model ⇑

# Read model and compile it on GPU in THROUGHPUT mode
model = core.read_model(model=model_path)
device_name = "GPU"
compiled_model = core.compile_model(model=model, device_name=device_name, config={"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "THROUGHPUT"})

# Get the input and output nodes
input_layer = compiled_model.input(0)
output_layer = compiled_model.output(0)

# Get the input size
num, height, width, channels = input_layer.shape
print('Model input shape:', num, height, width, channels)

Model input shape: 1 300 300 3

Load and Preprocess Video Frames ⇑

# Load video
video_file = "https://storage.openvinotoolkit.org/repositories/openvino_notebooks/data/data/video/Coco%20Walking%20in%20Berkeley.mp4"
video = cv2.VideoCapture(video_file)
framebuf = []

# Go through every frame of video and resize it
print('Loading video...')
while video.isOpened():
    ret, frame = video.read()
    if not ret:
        print('Video loaded!')
        video.release()
        break

    # Preprocess frames - convert them to shape expected by model
    input_frame = cv2.resize(src=frame, dsize=(width, height), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
    input_frame = np.expand_dims(input_frame, axis=0)

    # Append frame to framebuffer
    framebuf.append(input_frame)


print('Frame shape: ', framebuf[0].shape)
print('Number of frames: ', len(framebuf))

# Show original video file
# If the video does not display correctly inside the notebook, please open it with your favorite media player
Video(video_file)

Loading video...
Video loaded!
Frame shape:  (1, 300, 300, 3)
Number of frames:  288

Define Model Output Classes ⇑

# Define the model's labelmap (this model uses COCO classes)
classes = [
    "background", "person", "bicycle", "car", "motorcycle", "airplane", "bus", "train",
    "truck", "boat", "traffic light", "fire hydrant", "street sign", "stop sign",
    "parking meter", "bench", "bird", "cat", "dog", "horse", "sheep", "cow", "elephant",
    "bear", "zebra", "giraffe", "hat", "backpack", "umbrella", "shoe", "eye glasses",
    "handbag", "tie", "suitcase", "frisbee", "skis", "snowboard", "sports ball", "kite",
    "baseball bat", "baseball glove", "skateboard", "surfboard", "tennis racket", "bottle",
    "plate", "wine glass", "cup", "fork", "knife", "spoon", "bowl", "banana", "apple",
    "sandwich", "orange", "broccoli", "carrot", "hot dog", "pizza", "donut", "cake", "chair",
    "couch", "potted plant", "bed", "mirror", "dining table", "window", "desk", "toilet",
    "door", "tv", "laptop", "mouse", "remote", "keyboard", "cell phone", "microwave", "oven",
    "toaster", "sink", "refrigerator", "blender", "book", "clock", "vase", "scissors",
    "teddy bear", "hair drier", "toothbrush", "hair brush"
]

Set up Asynchronous Pipeline ⇑

Callback Definition ⇑

# Define a callback function that runs every time the asynchronous pipeline completes inference on a frame
def completion_callback(infer_request: InferRequest, frame_id: int) -> None:
    global frame_number
    stop_time = time.time()
    frame_number += 1

    predictions = next(iter(infer_request.results.values()))
    results[frame_id] = predictions[:10]  # Grab first 10 predictions for this frame

    total_time = stop_time - start_time
    frame_fps[frame_id] = frame_number / total_time

Create Async Pipeline ⇑

# Create asynchronous inference queue with optimal number of infer requests
infer_queue = AsyncInferQueue(compiled_model)
infer_queue.set_callback(completion_callback)

Perform Inference ⇑

# Perform inference on every frame in the framebuffer
results = {}
frame_fps = {}
frame_number = 0
start_time = time.time()
for i, input_frame in enumerate(framebuf):
    infer_queue.start_async({0: input_frame}, i)

infer_queue.wait_all()  # Wait until all inference requests in the AsyncInferQueue are completed
stop_time = time.time()

# Calculate total inference time and FPS
total_time = stop_time - start_time
fps = len(framebuf) / total_time
time_per_frame = 1 / fps
print(f'Total time to infer all frames: {total_time:.3f}s')
print(f'Time per frame: {time_per_frame:.6f}s ({fps:.3f} FPS)')

Total time to infer all frames: 1.366s
Time per frame: 0.004744s (210.774 FPS)

Process Results ⇑

# Set minimum detection threshold
min_thresh = .6

# Load video
video = cv2.VideoCapture(video_file)

# Get video parameters
frame_width = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH))
frame_height = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT))
fps = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
fourcc = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FOURCC))

# Create folder and VideoWriter to save output video
Path('./output').mkdir(exist_ok=True)
output = cv2.VideoWriter('output/output.mp4', fourcc, fps, (frame_width, frame_height))

# Draw detection results on every frame of video and save as a new video file
while video.isOpened():
    current_frame = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES))
    ret, frame = video.read()
    if not ret:
        print('Video loaded!')
        output.release()
        video.release()
        break

    # Draw info at the top left such as current fps, the devices and the performance hint being used
    cv2.putText(frame, f"fps {str(round(frame_fps[current_frame], 2))}", (5, 20), cv2.FONT_ITALIC, 0.6, (0, 0, 0), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
    cv2.putText(frame, f"device {device_name}", (5, 40), cv2.FONT_ITALIC, 0.6, (0, 0, 0), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
    cv2.putText(frame, f"hint {compiled_model.get_property('PERFORMANCE_HINT').name}", (5, 60), cv2.FONT_ITALIC, 0.6, (0, 0, 0), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)

    # prediction contains [image_id, label, conf, x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max] according to model
    for prediction in np.squeeze(results[current_frame]):
        if prediction[2] > min_thresh:
            x_min = int(prediction[3] * frame_width)
            y_min = int(prediction[4] * frame_height)
            x_max = int(prediction[5] * frame_width)
            y_max = int(prediction[6] * frame_height)
            label = classes[int(prediction[1])]

            # Draw a bounding box with its label above it
            cv2.rectangle(frame, (x_min, y_min), (x_max, y_max), (0, 255, 0), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
            cv2.putText(frame, label, (x_min, y_min - 10), cv2.FONT_ITALIC, 1, (255, 0, 0), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)

    output.write(frame)

# Show output video file
# If the video does not display correctly inside the notebook, please open it with your favorite media player
Video("output/output.mp4", width=800, embed=True)

Video loaded!

Conclusion ⇑

This tutorial demonstrates how easy it is to use one or more GPUs in OpenVINO, check their properties, and even tailor the model performance through the different performance hints. It also provides a walk-through of a basic object detection application that uses a GPU and displays the detected bounding boxes.

To read more about any of these topics, feel free to visit their corresponding documentation:

• GPU Plugin

• AUTO Plugin

• Model Caching

• MULTI Device Mode

• Query Device Properties

• Configurations for GPUs with OpenVINO

• Benchmark Python Tool

• Asynchronous Inferencing