Quantizing with Accuracy Control#

Introduction#

This is the advanced quantization flow that allows to apply 8-bit quantization to the model with control of accuracy metric. This is achieved by keeping the most impactful operations within the model in the original precision. The flow is based on the Basic 8-bit quantization and has the following differences:

  • Besides the calibration dataset, a validation dataset is required to compute the accuracy metric. Both datasets can refer to the same data in the simplest case.

  • Validation function, used to compute accuracy metric is required. It can be a function that is already available in the source framework or a custom function.

  • Since accuracy validation is run several times during the quantization process, quantization with accuracy control can take more time than the Basic 8-bit quantization flow.

  • The resulted model can provide smaller performance improvement than the Basic 8-bit quantization flow because some of the operations are kept in the original precision.

Note

Currently, 8-bit quantization with accuracy control is available only for models in OpenVINO and onnx.ModelProto representation.

The steps for the quantization with accuracy control are described below.

Prepare model#

When working with an original model in FP32 precision, it is recommended to use the model as-is, without compressing weights, as the input for the quantization method with accuracy control. This ensures optimal performance relative to a given accuracy drop. Utilizing compression techniques, such as compressing the original model weights to FP16, may significantly increase the number of reverted layers and lead to reduced performance for the quantized model. If the original model is converted to OpenVINO and saved through openvino.save_model() before using it in the quantization method with accuracy control, disable the compression of weights to FP16 by setting compress_to_fp16=False. This is necessary because, by default, openvino.save_model() saves models in FP16.

Prepare calibration and validation datasets#

This step is similar to the Basic 8-bit quantization flow. The only difference is that two datasets, calibration and validation, are required.

import nncf
import torch

calibration_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(...)

def transform_fn(data_item):
    images, _ = data_item
    return images

calibration_dataset = nncf.Dataset(calibration_loader, transform_fn)
validation_dataset = nncf.Dataset(calibration_loader, transform_fn)

import nncf
import torch

calibration_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(...)

def transform_fn(data_item):
    images, _ = data_item
    return {input_name: images.numpy()} # input_name should be taken from the model, 
                                        # e.g. model.graph.input[0].name

calibration_dataset = nncf.Dataset(calibration_loader, transform_fn)
validation_dataset = nncf.Dataset(calibration_loader, transform_fn)

Prepare validation function#

The validation function takes two arguments: a model object and a validation dataset, and it returns the accuracy metric value. The type of the model object varies for different frameworks. In OpenVINO, it is an openvino.CompiledModel. In ONNX, it is an onnx.ModelProto. The following code snippet shows an example of a validation function for OpenVINO and ONNX framework:

import numpy as np
import torch
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

import openvino


def validate(model: openvino.CompiledModel, 
             validation_loader: torch.utils.data.DataLoader) -> float:
    predictions = []
    references = []

    output = model.outputs[0]

    for images, target in validation_loader:
        pred = model(images)[output]
        predictions.append(np.argmax(pred, axis=1))
        references.append(target)

    predictions = np.concatenate(predictions, axis=0)
    references = np.concatenate(references, axis=0)
    return accuracy_score(predictions, references)

import numpy as np
import torch
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

import onnx
import onnxruntime


def validate(model: onnx.ModelProto,
             validation_loader: torch.utils.data.DataLoader) -> float:
    predictions = []
    references = []

    input_name = model.graph.input[0].name
    serialized_model = model.SerializeToString()
    session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession(serialized_model, providers=["CPUExecutionProvider"])
    output_names = [output.name for output in session.get_outputs()]

    for images, target in validation_loader:
        pred = session.run(output_names, input_feed={input_name: images.numpy()})[0]
        predictions.append(np.argmax(pred, axis=1))
        references.append(target)

    predictions = np.concatenate(predictions, axis=0)
    references = np.concatenate(references, axis=0)
    return accuracy_score(predictions, references)

Run quantization with accuracy control#

nncf.quantize_with_accuracy_control() function is used to run the quantization with accuracy control. The following code snippet shows an example of quantization with accuracy control for OpenVINO and ONNX framework:

model = ... # openvino.Model object

quantized_model = nncf.quantize_with_accuracy_control(
    model,
    calibration_dataset=calibration_dataset,
    validation_dataset=validation_dataset,
    validation_fn=validate,
    max_drop=0.01,
    drop_type=nncf.DropType.ABSOLUTE,
)

import onnx

model = onnx.load("model_path")

quantized_model = nncf.quantize_with_accuracy_control(
    model,
    calibration_dataset=calibration_dataset,
    validation_dataset=validation_dataset,
    validation_fn=validate,
    max_drop=0.01,
    drop_type=nncf.DropType.ABSOLUTE,
)

  • max_drop defines the accuracy drop threshold. The quantization process stops when the degradation of accuracy metric on the validation dataset is less than the max_drop. The default value is 0.01. NNCF will stop the quantization and report an error if the max_drop value can’t be reached.

  • drop_type defines how the accuracy drop will be calculated: ABSOLUTE (used by default) or RELATIVE.

After that the model can be compiled and run with OpenVINO:

import openvino as ov

# compile the model to transform quantized operations to int8
model_int8 = ov.compile_model(quantized_model)

input_fp32 = ... # FP32 model input
res = model_int8(input_fp32)

import openvino as ov

# use a temporary file to convert ONNX model to OpenVINO model
quantized_model_path = "quantized_model.onnx"
onnx.save(quantized_model, quantized_model_path)

ov_quantized_model = ov.convert_model(quantized_model_path)

# compile the model to transform quantized operations to int8
model_int8 = ov.compile_model(ov_quantized_model)

input_fp32 = ... # FP32 model input
res = model_int8(input_fp32)

To save the model in the OpenVINO Intermediate Representation (IR), use openvino.save_model(). When dealing with an original model in FP32 precision, it’s advisable to preserve FP32 precision in the most impactful model operations that were reverted from INT8 to FP32. To do this, consider using compress_to_fp16=False during the saving process. This recommendation is based on the default functionality of openvino.save_model(), which saves models in FP16, potentially impacting accuracy through this conversion.

# save the model with compress_to_fp16=False to avoid an accuracy drop from compression
# of unquantized weights to FP16. This is necessary because
# nncf.quantize_with_accuracy_control(...) keeps the most impactful operations within
# the model in the original precision to achieve the specified model accuracy
ov.save_model(quantized_model, "quantized_model.xml", compress_to_fp16=False)

nncf.quantize_with_accuracy_control() API supports all the parameters from Basic 8-bit quantization API, to quantize a model with accuracy control and a custom configuration.

If the accuracy or performance of the quantized model is not satisfactory, you can try Training-time Optimization as the next step.

Examples of NNCF post-training quantization with control of accuracy metric:#

See also#