Speech to Text with OpenVINO™

This tutorial is also available as a Jupyter notebook that can be cloned directly from GitHub. See the installation guide for instructions to run this tutorial locally on Windows, Linux or macOS. To run without installing anything, click the launch binder button.

Binder Github

This tutorial demonstrates speech-to-text recognition with OpenVINO.

This tutorial uses the quartznet 15x5 model. QuartzNet performs automatic speech recognition. Its design is based on the Jasper architecture, which is a convolutional model trained with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss. The model is available from Open Model Zoo.

Imports

from pathlib import Path

import IPython.display as ipd
import librosa
import librosa.display
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import scipy
from openvino.runtime import Core

Settings

In this part, all variables used in the notebook are set.

model_folder = "model"
download_folder = "output"
data_folder = "data"

precision = "FP16"
model_name = "quartznet-15x5-en"

Download and Convert Public Model

If it is your first run, models will be downloaded and converted here. It my take a few minutes. Use omz_downloader and omz_converter, which are command-line tools from the openvino-dev package.

Download Model

The omz_downloader tool automatically creates a directory structure and downloads the selected model. This step is skipped if the model is already downloaded. The selected model comes from the public directory, which means it must be converted into OpenVINO Intermediate Representation (OpenVINO IR).

# Check if a model is already downloaded (to the download directory).
path_to_model_weights = Path(f'{download_folder}/public/{model_name}/models')
downloaded_model_file = list(path_to_model_weights.glob('*.pth'))

if not path_to_model_weights.is_dir() or len(downloaded_model_file) == 0:
    download_command = f"omz_downloader --name {model_name} --output_dir {download_folder} --precision {precision}"
    ! $download_command
################|| Downloading quartznet-15x5-en ||################

========== Downloading output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/ruamel.yaml-0.17.2-py3-none-any.whl


========== Downloading output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo_toolkit-0.11.0-py3-none-any.whl


========== Downloading output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/QuartzNet15x5-En-Base.nemo


========== Unpacking output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo_toolkit-0.11.0-py3-none-any.whl
========== Unpacking output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/QuartzNet15x5-En-Base.nemo
========== Unpacking output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/ruamel.yaml-0.17.2-py3-none-any.whl
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/collections/asr/parts/dataset.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/utils/helpers.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/utils/env_var_parsing.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/utils/neural_graph/graph_inputs.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/utils/neural_graph/graph_outputs.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/collections/asr/parts/__init__.py
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========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/constants.py
========== Replacing text in output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/nemo/collections/asr/jasper.py

Convert Model

The omz_converter tool is needed to convert pre-trained PyTorch model to ONNX model format, which is further converted to OpenVINO IR format. Both stages of conversion are handled by using omz_converter.

# Check if a model is already converted (in the model directory).
path_to_converted_weights = Path(f'{model_folder}/public/{model_name}/{precision}/{model_name}.bin')

if not path_to_converted_weights.is_file():
    convert_command = f"omz_converter --name {model_name} --precisions {precision} --download_dir {download_folder} --output_dir {model_folder}"
    ! $convert_command
========== Converting quartznet-15x5-en to ONNX
Conversion to ONNX command: /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/bin/python -- /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/openvino/model_zoo/internal_scripts/pytorch_to_onnx.py --model-path=/opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/openvino/model_zoo/models/public/quartznet-15x5-en --model-path=output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models --model-name=QuartzNet --import-module=model --input-shape=1,64,128 --output-file=model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/quartznet.onnx '--model-param=model_config=r"output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/.nemo_tmp/module.yaml"' '--model-param=encoder_weights=r"output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/.nemo_tmp/JasperEncoder.pt"' '--model-param=decoder_weights=r"output/public/quartznet-15x5-en/models/.nemo_tmp/JasperDecoderForCTC.pt"' --input-names=audio_signal --output-names=output

[NeMo W 2022-11-15 22:59:10 jasper:148] Turned off 170 masked convolutions
ONNX check passed successfully.

========== Converting quartznet-15x5-en to IR (FP16)
Conversion command: /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/bin/python -- /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/bin/mo --framework=onnx --data_type=FP16 --output_dir=model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/FP16 --model_name=quartznet-15x5-en --input=audio_signal --output=output --input_model=model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/quartznet.onnx '--layout=audio_signal(NCH)' '--input_shape=[1, 64, 128]'

Model Optimizer arguments:
Common parameters:
    - Path to the Input Model:  /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/notebooks/211-speech-to-text/model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/quartznet.onnx
    - Path for generated IR:    /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/notebooks/211-speech-to-text/model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/FP16
    - IR output name:   quartznet-15x5-en
    - Log level:    ERROR
    - Batch:    Not specified, inherited from the model
    - Input layers:     audio_signal
    - Output layers:    output
    - Input shapes:     [1, 64, 128]
    - Source layout:    Not specified
    - Target layout:    Not specified
    - Layout:   audio_signal(NCH)
    - Mean values:  Not specified
    - Scale values:     Not specified
    - Scale factor:     Not specified
    - Precision of IR:  FP16
    - Enable fusing:    True
    - User transformations:     Not specified
    - Reverse input channels:   False
    - Enable IR generation for fixed input shape:   False
    - Use the transformations config file:  None
Advanced parameters:
    - Force the usage of legacy Frontend of Model Optimizer for model conversion into IR:   False
    - Force the usage of new Frontend of Model Optimizer for model conversion into IR:  False
OpenVINO runtime found in:  /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/.venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/openvino
OpenVINO runtime version:   2022.2.0-7713-af16ea1d79a-releases/2022/2
Model Optimizer version:    2022.2.0-7713-af16ea1d79a-releases/2022/2
[ SUCCESS ] Generated IR version 11 model.
[ SUCCESS ] XML file: /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/notebooks/211-speech-to-text/model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/FP16/quartznet-15x5-en.xml
[ SUCCESS ] BIN file: /opt/home/k8sworker/cibuilds/ov-notebook/OVNotebookOps-275/.workspace/scm/ov-notebook/notebooks/211-speech-to-text/model/public/quartznet-15x5-en/FP16/quartznet-15x5-en.bin
[ SUCCESS ] Total execution time: 0.79 seconds.
[ SUCCESS ] Memory consumed: 217 MB.
[ INFO ] The model was converted to IR v11, the latest model format that corresponds to the source DL framework input/output format. While IR v11 is backwards compatible with OpenVINO Inference Engine API v1.0, please use API v2.0 (as of 2022.1) to take advantage of the latest improvements in IR v11.
Find more information about API v2.0 and IR v11 at https://docs.openvino.ai

Audio Processing

Now that the model is converted, load an audio file.

Define constants

First, locate an audio file and define the alphabet used by the model. This tutorial uses the Latin alphabet beginning with a space symbol and ending with a blank symbol. In this case it will be ~, but that could be any other character.

audio_file_name = "edge_to_cloud.ogg"
alphabet = " abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'~"

Available Audio Formats

There are multiple supported audio formats that can be used with the model:

AIFF, AU, AVR, CAF, FLAC, HTK, SVX, MAT4, MAT5, MPC2K, OGG, PAF, PVF, RAW, RF64, SD2, SDS, IRCAM, VOC, W64, WAV, NIST, WAVEX, WVE, XI

Load Audio File

Load the file after checking a file extension. Pass sr (stands for a sampling rate) as an additional parameter. The model supports files with a sampling rate of 16 kHz.

audio, sampling_rate = librosa.load(path=f'{data_folder}/{audio_file_name}', sr=16000)

Now, you can play your audio file.

ipd.Audio(audio, rate=sampling_rate)

Visualise Audio File

You can visualize how your audio file presents on a wave plot and spectrogram.

plt.figure()
librosa.display.waveshow(y=audio, sr=sampling_rate, max_points=50000, x_axis='time', offset=0.0);
plt.show()
specto_audio = librosa.stft(audio)
specto_audio = librosa.amplitude_to_db(np.abs(specto_audio), ref=np.max)
print(specto_audio.shape)
librosa.display.specshow(specto_audio, sr=sampling_rate, x_axis='time', y_axis='hz');
../_images/211-speech-to-text-with-output_19_0.png
(1025, 51)
../_images/211-speech-to-text-with-output_19_2.png

Change Type of Data

The file loaded in the previous step may contain data in float type with a range of values between -1 and 1. To generate a viable input, multiply each value by the max value of int16 and convert it to int16 type.

if max(np.abs(audio)) <= 1:
    audio = (audio * (2**15 - 1))
audio = audio.astype(np.int16)

Convert Audio to Mel Spectrum

Next, convert the pre-pre-processed audio to Mel Spectrum. For more information on why it needs to be done, refer to this article.

def audio_to_mel(audio, sampling_rate):
    assert sampling_rate == 16000, "Only 16 KHz audio supported"
    preemph = 0.97
    preemphased = np.concatenate([audio[:1], audio[1:] - preemph * audio[:-1].astype(np.float32)])

    # Calculate the window length.
    win_length = round(sampling_rate * 0.02)

    # Based on the previously calculated window length, run short-time Fourier transform.
    spec = np.abs(librosa.core.spectrum.stft(preemphased, n_fft=512, hop_length=round(sampling_rate * 0.01),
                  win_length=win_length, center=True, window=scipy.signal.windows.hann(win_length), pad_mode='reflect'))

    # Create mel filter-bank, produce transformation matrix to project current values onto Mel-frequency bins.
    mel_basis = librosa.filters.mel(sr=sampling_rate, n_fft=512, n_mels=64, fmin=0.0, fmax=8000.0, htk=False)
    return mel_basis, spec


def mel_to_input(mel_basis, spec, padding=16):
    # Convert to a logarithmic scale.
    log_melspectrum = np.log(np.dot(mel_basis, np.power(spec, 2)) + 2 ** -24)

    # Normalize the output.
    normalized = (log_melspectrum - log_melspectrum.mean(1)[:, None]) / (log_melspectrum.std(1)[:, None] + 1e-5)

    # Calculate padding.
    remainder = normalized.shape[1] % padding
    if remainder != 0:
        return np.pad(normalized, ((0, 0), (0, padding - remainder)))[None]
    return normalized[None]

Run Conversion from Audio to Mel Format

In this step, convert a current audio file into Mel scale.

mel_basis, spec = audio_to_mel(audio=audio.flatten(), sampling_rate=sampling_rate)

Visualise Mel Spectogram

For more information about Mel spectrogram, refer to this article. The first image visualizes Mel frequency spectrogram, the second one presents filter bank for converting Hz to Mels.

librosa.display.specshow(data=spec, sr=sampling_rate, x_axis='time', y_axis='log');
plt.show();
librosa.display.specshow(data=mel_basis, sr=sampling_rate, x_axis='linear');
plt.ylabel('Mel filter');
../_images/211-speech-to-text-with-output_27_0.png ../_images/211-speech-to-text-with-output_27_1.png

Adjust Mel scale to Input

Before reading the network, make sure that the input is ready.

audio = mel_to_input(mel_basis=mel_basis, spec=spec)

Load the Model

Now, you can read and load the network.

ie = Core()

You may run the network on multiple devices. By default, it will load the model on CPU (you can choose manually CPU, GPU, MYRIAD, etc.) or let the engine choose the best available device (AUTO).

To list all available devices that can be used, run print(ie.available_devices) command.

print(ie.available_devices)
['CPU']

To change the device used for your network, change value of device_name variable to one of the values listed by print() in the cell above.

model = ie.read_model(
    model=f"{model_folder}/public/{model_name}/{precision}/{model_name}.xml"
)
model_input_layer = model.input(0)
shape = model_input_layer.partial_shape
shape[2] = -1
model.reshape({model_input_layer: shape})
compiled_model = ie.compile_model(model=model, device_name="CPU")

Do Inference

Everything is set up. Now, the only thing that remains is passing input to the previously loaded network and running inference.

output_layer_ir = compiled_model.output(0)

character_probabilities = compiled_model([audio])[output_layer_ir]

Read Output

After inference, you need to reach out the output. The default output format for quartznet 15x5 are per-frame probabilities (after LogSoftmax) for every symbol in the alphabet, name - output, shape - 1x64x29, output data format is BxNxC, where:

  • B - batch size

  • N - number of audio frames

  • C - alphabet size, including the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) blank symbol

You need to make it in a more human-readable format. To do this you, use a symbol with the highest probability. When you hold a list of indexes that are predicted to have the highest probability, due to limitations given by Connectionist Temporal Classification Decoding you will remove concurrent symbols and then remove all the blanks.

The last step is getting symbols from corresponding indexes in charlist.

# Remove unnececery dimension
character_probabilities = np.squeeze(character_probabilities)

# Run argmax to pick most possible symbols
character_probabilities = np.argmax(character_probabilities, axis=1)

Implementation of Decoding

To decode previously explained output, you need the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) decode function. This solution will remove consecutive letters from the output.

def ctc_greedy_decode(predictions):
    previous_letter_id = blank_id = len(alphabet) - 1
    transcription = list()
    for letter_index in predictions:
        if previous_letter_id != letter_index != blank_id:
            transcription.append(alphabet[letter_index])
        previous_letter_id = letter_index
    return ''.join(transcription)

Run Decoding and Print Output

transcription = ctc_greedy_decode(character_probabilities)
print(transcription)
from the edge to the cloud